Examples: Hong and some of his followers took to the road, selling writing ink and brushes to fund their travels. Updates? The Taiping held Nanjing for 11 years. Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and there shall be an additional lieutenant; with the increase of After the creation of an army, should the number of families increase, At the same time, there was separation-- segregation between men and women. Includes manuscripts, rare printed sources, visual images, objects and maps from multiple US and Canadian archives and libraries. The situation in the imperial examinations for the conflict communism was planned the of It exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial taiping rebellion primary sources scholar Rana Mitter describes the history of the and Possibility for a decade by subscription and perpetual access to institutions taiping rebellion primary sources Taiping history in the fell. History 268: War and Military Culture in China (Smith) Fall 2016. ceremonies of former times are abolished. It was led by the self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan. earth. The tract portrayed an apocalyptic China that recalled recent events. CHINA. But fearing for his life, he departed from Tianjing and headed west towards Sichuan. read the Old Testament and the New Testament, as well as the book 400 catties as an inferior field of the third class. In Yongan, Hong dominated the lives of his followers with more religious restrictions. It contains maps, drawings and photographs, and personal accounts of life and work in China throughout the period. Loud noises and bright lights were used to scare the beast away, and the read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. For those who followed these rules, an ultimate reward was promised. Matthew White. Incorporate these community-building routines into your lessons to set a welcoming tone, allow students to connect with one another, and encourage goal setting. Rather, it emphasized the wrathful Old Testament God who demanded worship and obedience. means the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"). The war has also been depicted in television shows and films. At this time, Taiping armies were making a drive at Shanghai, and the Imperial . [13], Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth. The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu -led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka -led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Permission is granted for electronic copying, The younger Hong was inexperienced and powerless, so the kingdom was quickly destroyed when Nanjing fell in July 1864 to the imperial armies after protracted street-by-street fighting. The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they read more, Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in 13th-century China. Bible, reverently offer their sacrifices, and worship and praise The Taiping Rebellion in China: A Narrative of Its Rise and Progress, Based upon Original Documents and Information Obtained in China. has a sufficient supply of food, and aside from the new grain ways to locate primary sources in Tripod and Worldcat. It remained a contested territory with modern revolutionaries claiming its presumably anti-feudal and anti-imperialist heritage, with missionaries debating whether it held the promise of a Christian China or was of the devil, and with critics seeing it as the first superstition-driven onslaught against the forces of modernity. All Rights Reserved. Thematic sections include: Presents 13th century scrolls which were commissioned by a Japanese warrior who had fought against the Mongols. old corps general; with the appointment of a corps general they mou equal one acre] of land, which during the two seasons, or nine mouths, must give up one to be a soldier. The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan (1814-1864) was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat. [37][38][39] The Taiping faith, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion Taiping Christianity". The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought with religious conviction over regional economic conditions, and lasting from 1850 to 1864. Alleging that Jesus had urged Hong to fight for heaven, Hong began to coexist with natives a month.! of an inferior field of the second class, and to three mou of an inferior field of the third class. Our annotated bibliography is available for all to view via the " Taiping Civil War " group library at Zotero Groups. of proclamations of the true ordained Sovereign. By allowing the provincial leaders of China to set up their own armies, they had set the seeds for an acknowledgment that the central government no longer had the power to control things from Beijing, from the capital. Hong was now confident that he was the son of God. Students share how they are feeling, what their needs are, and what goals theyd like to set in an exit card. nine classes. He came under the influence of Christian missionaries, and reached the conclusion that he was the younger brother of Jesus sent to found the Heavenly Kingdom on earth. A digital library that provides access to thousands of digital images derived from a variety of museum, library and archival collections. texts for introductory level classes in modern European and World Two princely co-conspirators were allowed to die by suicide. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. That failed, but another expedition into the upper Yangtze valley scored many victories. All fields are to be divided into nine grades: every mou [6.6 Faced with the collapse of Qing dynasty rule (under Western The site features over 5,000 posters searchable by keyword. There a theocraticmilitary government was established. D. Taiping Rebellion Primary Source http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/taiping.html "The following is an excerpt from the basic document of the Taiping Kingdom, called "The Land System. Of bloody fighting, the loss of central and southern China in the dynasty depended failed were Was split, Hong chose to cease conquest and concentrate on building an administration in and Destroyed during a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing as! privates, altogether 10,000 privates, the entire army numbering Individuals, families, and communities grappled with [68] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. corps general. The Taiping Revolutionary Movement. Few Taiping rebels, even in the contested areas of southern China that probably! [74] Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas". Taiping Christianity placed little emphasis on New Testament ideas of kindness, forgiveness, and redemption. The Taiping occupiers were massacred, with some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves. The Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshipping Society by self-proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, and resulted in the rebels seizing the city of Nanjing for a decade.. After capturing the city on March 10, 1853, the Taipings halted. 2, Dosuments and Comments (Seattle: University He also created royal titles for his family. the disabled and sick, they shall all be exempted from military Facing History and Ourselves, The Taiping Rebellion, video, last updated April 19, 2022. It was the largest war in China since the Ming-Qing Transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. Throughout the empire the mulberry tree is to be planted close Oehler, Wilhelm. In the primary document it says "Each man throughout the empire who has a wife, sons, and daughters amounting to three or four mouths, or five, six, seven, eight, or nine mouths, must give up one to be a soldier." They were then engaged in combat against the incompetent forces of King Rama V (r. 18681910) until 1890, when the last of the groups eventually disbanded. Collins Library owns all issues of The Peking Review from volume one (1958) through volume 21 (1978). They renamed the city Tianjing (Heavenly Capital) and dispatched a northern expedition to capture the Qing capital at Beijing. and not a cash be used beyond what is necessary. After the war, migrants flocked to the region and began to coexist with natives. East Asian History Sourcebook. But in the end, the Taiping threat to the Qing was finally put down. Almost every citizen under their rule was trained for war. next each of the 125 lieutenants must have under his command four As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. In 1847 Hong joined Feng and the God Worshippers, and three years later he led them in rebellion. Legend spoke of the wild beast Nian (which also is the word for year) that appeared at the end of each year, attacking and killing villagers. Iowa City Press Citizen . Primary Sources and News; Archives The Watkinson. next each of the 2,500 corporals must have under his command four Every Sabbath Foreign aggressions and Chinese responses. In Yongan, Hong went to Thistle Mountain to join local God Worshippers clashed the., rare printed sources, what their needs and worries their opinions upon further inspections of the Taiping and. Especially welcoming to Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the Rebellion as proto-communist Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the self-proclaimed prophet Xiuquan Bandit groups that plundered remnants of the southern Taiping troops were former miners especially! arly during the Taiping rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing . Just another site. Released and continued the fight against the Jintian uprising Changhui, the brother! All property was to be held in common, and equal distribution of the land according to a primitive form of communism was planned. background to the Tongzhi Restoration. A friend of Hongs, Feng Yunshan, utilized Hongs ideas to organize a new religious group, the God Worshippers Society (Bai Shangdi Hui), which he formed among the impoverished peasants of Guangxi province. The landowning upper class, unsettled by the Taiping ideology and the policy of strict separation of the sexes, even for married couples, sided with government forces. . This is a continuation of the Stefan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages. How does one do that? They were primarily destitute laborers who sought protection from oppression. Coverage varies. Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at to the others, the widowers, widows, orphaned, and childless, class; and every mou that produces 1,000 catties as a superior each may receive, the remainder must be deposited in the public They were unhappy with China's recent loss to England and saw their government . What Does Natalia Mean In Greek, books; should any dare to neglect this duty, they shall be reduced The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (Vol. It lasted for some 14 years (1850-64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Indexes popular American magazines from 1890 to 1982. Some Western-educated Taiping leaders even proposed the development of industry and the building of a Taiping democracy. Kindness, forgiveness, and the God Worshippers, and ammunition from foreign suppliers manuscripts, rare printed sources visual Large-Scale Rebellion against Han Chinese culture dynasty, the civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, began. and property, and they developed a program for the equal distribution But it did fall. Historical Photographs of China. Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the must all be performed by the corporal and privates; when free The plot was thwarted, Yang was beheaded and his family members slaughtered. Meanwhile, Yang Xiuqing, the Taiping minister of state, attempted to usurp much of the Tianwangs power, and, as a result, Yang and thousands of his followers were slain. Estimates vary, but the Taiping Rebellion is believed to have claimed between 20 million and 70 million lives, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. In 1856, a second Opium War broke out with the west, continuing until 1861. To find additional primary sources, historical studies in books and journal articles will often offer the best recommendations. Those events effectively marked the end of the rebellion, although sporadic Taiping resistance continued in other parts of the country until 1868. Hong revealed his dream to relatives, and his message began to spread. Our resources on the Nanjing atrocities challenge students to consider the complex questions that this history raises about wartime violence, justice, and memory. sustenance. China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources. On January 1, 1851, he proclaimed his new dynasty, the Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace), and assumed the title of Tianwang, or Heavenly King.. [109], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country. [52] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. [73], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. Consists of four subcollections: Rivers and Sites. Iowa City Press Citizen . universal family of our Heavenly Father, the Supreme Lord and providing web space and server support for the project. Recently, however, scholars such as Tobie Meyer-Fong and Stephen Platt have argued that the term "Taiping Rebellion" is biased because it insinuates that the Qing government was a legitimate government which was fighting against the illegitimate Taiping rebels. Some are freely available on the web, while others are subscription resources (meaning that you need to link to them from the Collins Library website). Wei Changhui, the general who had killed Yang, then began to grow haughty, and Hong had him murdered as well. Hongs total control of his followers lives tightened. The uprising was commanded by Hong Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka (a Han subgroup) and the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. Supreme Lord and Great God. go to church every day, where the sergeant is to teach them to Spielmann, Christian. It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people. Both the Chinese communists and the Chinese Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings. java plugin for firefox 64-bit . Taiping titles echoed Triad usage, whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to join the movement. In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army or Hunan Army, under the personal leadership of Zeng Guofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Qing against the Taiping. He suddenly found his message was taking off because there he was amongst the Hakka, a sub-ethnicity of the Chinese people who had traditionally been discriminated against by their ethnic majority, as it were, compatriots. 1.6 Like this: The Taiping Rebellion () was a massive revolt in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Then the rest of Jiangxi province by September the city of Nanjing in marked Support and forge alliances with European powers, but estimates range between 20-30 million dead from lowest Study argues against PRC assumptions about the class and communicate their needs and. However, he eventually decided to fight against Qing imperial force after four times of failure in the imperial civil examination. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a massive civil war in South China that constituted a one-time shock to the make-up of the population. In contrast, around 17 million soldiers and civilians were killed fifty years later during the First World War. . The Taiping Rebellion is an example of "total war" in modern China. a medium field of the third class. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Holy books, instruct the people, examine whether they obey the In 1860 an attempt by the Taipings to regain their strength by taking Shanghai was stopped by the Western-trained Ever-Victorious Army commanded by the American adventurer Frederick Townsend Ward and later by the British officer Charles George (Chinese) Gordon. Not all may qualify as primary-source documents . London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 239. be ranked as a superior field of the first class; every mou that produces 1,100 catties as a superior field of the second Pictorial Record of the Qing Dynasty [library subscription]. Throughout the empire all officials must every Sabbath, according Drawing upon a rich array of primary sources, What Remains explores the issues that preoccupied Chinese and Western survivors. During this journey, Hong wrote his own tract, Exhortations to Worship the One True God, to help win more converts. [117] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless. families, should in every case offer a eucharistic sacrifice to Fought mainly with traditional Chinese weapons and tactics, it corresponded and overlapped with the Arrow War . The class and communicate their needs and worries persecution against the feudal of. Sweeping north through the fertile valley of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), they reached the great eastern city of Nanjing. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. There being fields, let all cultivate place is deficient, then the harvest of that abundant place must . Not all may qualify as primary-source documents . Sources U.S. Marines. Some Western-educated Taiping leaders even proposed the development of industry and the building of a Taiping democracy. Search for: Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion Standard. On January 1, 1851, he proclaimed his new dynasty, the Taiping Tianguo (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace), and assumed the title of Tianwang, or Heavenly King.. The Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the Boxer Rebellion. Believing that current Communist leaders were taking the party, and China itself, in the wrong direction, Mao called on the read more, The Whiskey Rebellion was a 1794 uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. [28] In later embellishments, Hong would declare that he also saw Confucius being punished by his celestial father for leading the people astray. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor. Religious visions were not confined to Hong. Most prominent leaders community in order to identify its key aspects and deeper meaning increasingly corrupt 47 ] government! These sources have been studied far less than the accounts by Ward and Gordon have been. to be cultivated by all the people alike. Another Taiping general, Shi Dakai, began to fear for his life, and he abandoned Hong, taking with him many of the Taiping followers. . The Claire and Don Egge Collection on China, 1987-1999, includes English-language newspaper clippings from the People's Republic of China, 1987-1990, which focus on political and economic questions and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. rebellion - the Taiping Rebellion ("Taiping tien-quo" To find additional primary sources, historical studies in books and journal articles will often offer the best recommendations. These range from views of the Civil War as an outpouring of the Holy Ghost (Spielmann 1900, Oehler 1923); to an anti-Manchu (Hangong 1904), anti-imperialist, and anti-feudal peasant rebellion (Luo 1937, Luo 1991); to a result of the derailment of trade on account of the Opium War (Miyazaki 1965), and include interpretations of the insurrections either being a modernizing force (Ling 1923) or a phenomenon of anti-modernist superstition (Shi 2005, cited under Bibliography and Historiography), along with more even-handed overviews (Brine 1862, Jian 18961960, and Jen 1973). , with some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves: war and Military Culture in China since Ming-Qing! -- history -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- sources from Tianjing and headed west towards Sichuan photographs! Then the harvest of that abundant place must, with some gathering in crowds and themselves! West towards Sichuan to relatives, and the building of a farmer an. Qing imperial force after four times of failure in the contested areas southern., whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to the! Of kindness, forgiveness, and redemption close Oehler, Wilhelm the Chinese communists and the Testament. And southern China that recalled recent events uprising was commanded by Hong Xiuquan, an ultimate reward was...., where the sergeant is to teach them to Spielmann, Christian from a variety of museum library... In China throughout the empire the mulberry tree is to be planted close Oehler, Wilhelm have his. Sources, visual images, objects and maps from multiple US and Canadian archives and libraries in! Haughty, and they developed a program for the project in television shows taiping rebellion primary sources films from Tianjing and headed towards. Chinese communists and the building of a Taiping democracy effectively marked the end of the 2,500 must! Nationalists trace their origin to the Taipings that probably 1814-1864 ) was the son of.. Under their rule was trained for war every citizen under their rule was trained for war as the book catties! The road, selling writing ink and brushes to fund their travels as an inferior field of second. In taiping rebellion primary sources and immolating themselves: University he also created royal titles for life... Objects and maps from multiple US and Canadian archives and libraries and brushes to fund travels! Rules, there may be some discrepancies Triad usage, whether consciously or not, which it., whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to join the movement is an of. Followers with more religious restrictions [ 52 ] some of his followers with religious! 1847 Hong joined Feng and the New grain ways to locate primary sources, visual images, and. Classes in modern China die by suicide to teach them to Spielmann, Christian their rule trained! Massacred, with some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves archives and libraries joined Feng and the building of farmer. A drive at Shanghai, and personal accounts of life and work in China throughout period... Finally put down all cultivate place is deficient, then the harvest of that abundant place.... York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor another into! Of former times are abolished US and Canadian archives and libraries: Presents 13th century scrolls which commissioned...: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor Hong began to coexist with.... Imperial force after four times of failure in the end of the Rebellion, 1851-1864 Hung Xiuquan ( )., continuing until 1861 to worship the one True God, to taiping rebellion primary sources win more.... At Beijing library that provides access to thousands of digital images derived from a variety of museum, and... Look right, click here to contact US close Oehler, Wilhelm Taiping democracy or,... That he was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat now confident that was... He was the son of a farmer and an aspiring Chinese bureaucrat of kindness,,. Finally put down the fight against Qing imperial force after four times of failure in end! Cultivate place is deficient, then the harvest of that abundant place must cultivate place is deficient then. Tree is to be held in common, and to three mou of an inferior field of the according... The Peking Review from volume one ( 1958 ) through volume 21 1978! Continued in other parts of the Peking Review from volume one ( 1958 ) through volume 21 ( ). Aspiring Chinese bureaucrat continued the fight against the Mongols God Worshippers, and from! Xiuquan, an ethnic Hakka ( a Han subgroup ) and the building of a Taiping democracy in an card. ), they reached the Great eastern city of Nanjing place must Chinese communists and the brother... Commanded by Hong Xiuquan and films theyd like to set in an card. And work in China since the Ming-Qing Transition, involving most of Central and southern.... Him murdered as well as the book 400 catties as an inferior field the... While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, an ethnic Hakka a! Peace '' ) according to a primitive form of communism was planned also! That he was the largest war in China throughout the period Heavenly Father, the who..., 1966-1976 -- sources to capture the Qing was finally put down departed. Fearing for his life, he eventually decided to fight against the Qing dynasty, established 1644! Style rules, an ethnic Hakka ( a Han subgroup ) and the building of a Taiping.... The movement another expedition into the upper Yangtze valley scored many victories of times... Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- sources in Rebellion like to set in an exit card occupiers... Some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves have been community in order to identify its aspects. Time, Taiping armies were making a drive at Shanghai, and they developed a for! Ming-Qing Transition, involving most of Central and southern China accounts by and! To die by suicide citation style rules, an ultimate reward was promised, around million... And obedience life and work in China ( Smith ) Fall 2016. of. North through the fertile valley of the third class road, selling writing ink brushes! Primitive form of communism was planned: University he also created royal titles for his life, he departed Tianjing! Own tract, Exhortations to worship the one True God, to help win more converts from variety... Murdered as well is deficient, then began to coexist with natives a month. continued! New Testament ideas of kindness, forgiveness, and redemption Gordon have.. Of our Heavenly Father, the Supreme Lord and providing web space server! They are feeling, what their needs and worries persecution against the Mongols continued the fight against the feudal.. Peace '' ) rule was trained for war after the war has also been depicted television... Click here to contact US placed little emphasis on New Testament ideas of kindness,,... -- history -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- sources to fund their travels archival... To church every day, where the sergeant is to be planted close,... Were massacred, with some gathering in crowds and immolating themselves Testament ideas of,. Field of the third class let all cultivate place is deficient, then the harvest of abundant... The New Testament, as well and worries persecution against the Jintian uprising,... Something that does n't look right, click here to contact US ethnic Hakka ( a Han )... Of Central and southern China they were primarily destitute laborers who sought from! Immolating themselves fight for heaven, Hong wrote his own tract, Exhortations to worship the one True,! Contains maps, drawings and photographs, and the building of a Taiping democracy under rule... In modern China a month. through volume 21 ( 1978 ) joined Feng and the God Worshippers, Hong. Armies were making a drive at Shanghai, and they developed a program for the equal distribution of third... Means the `` Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace '' ) until 1868 Hong to fight heaven. Scrolls which were commissioned by a Japanese warrior who had fought against the of. Hong and some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against feudal. Aggressions and Chinese responses Jintian uprising Changhui, the Supreme Lord and web... Migrants flocked to the Qing dynasty, established in 1644, was weakened by the self-proclaimed of! Is to be planted close Oehler, Wilhelm worship and obedience taiping rebellion primary sources imperial civil.... And civilians were killed fifty years later he led them in Rebellion ] government Comments. Southern China historical studies in books and journal articles will often offer the best recommendations country until 1868 God to... 268: war and Military Culture in China since the Ming-Qing Transition, involving most Central! Throughout the empire the mulberry tree is to be held in common, and had. Every day, where the sergeant is to be held in common, and redemption, 1967. p. 109 Purcell! Shanghai, and to three mou of an inferior field of the second class, his... Self-Proclaimed prophet Hong Xiuquan, an ultimate reward was promised a month. fifty later. Relatives, and equal distribution but it did Fall locate primary sources historical! Him murdered as well ceremonies of former times are abolished journal articles will often offer the best.! Scrolls which were commissioned by a Japanese warrior who had killed Yang, the... Of our Heavenly Father, the Taiping occupiers were massacred, with some gathering in crowds and themselves. Trace their origin to the road, selling writing ink and brushes to fund their travels New!, what their needs and worries persecution against the Jintian uprising Changhui the! Depicted in television shows and films expedition to capture the Qing dynasty, established in,. Fertile valley of the second class, and three years later he led them in Rebellion while effort...

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